Introduction The Indian monsoon is one of the most prominent climatic phenomena on Earth. It is a seasonal reversal of winds accompanied by heavy rainfall that sustains nearly 1.4 billion people, agriculture-based economies, and diverse ecosystems in South Asia. The monsoon is not merely a meteorological event but the lifeline of India’s socio-economic system. Traditionally,…
Introduction Earth’s climate system is a complex interaction of various atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial processes. Among the most influential natural climatic phenomena that disrupt this balance are El Niño and La Niña, collectively known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These irregular periodic variations in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and wind patterns in the central…
Introduction Monsoons play a crucial role in shaping India’s climate, agriculture, economy, and overall way of life. The Indian monsoon is a seasonal wind system that brings a significant amount of rainfall to the country between June and September. This seasonal phenomenon is not only vital for replenishing water resources but also dictates agricultural productivity,…