Introduction The emergence of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 marked a new phase in the history of India’s struggle for freedom. The early leaders of the Congress, commonly known as the Moderates, represented the first organized expression of Indian political awakening under British rule. They sought to reform the colonial administration through peaceful,…
Introduction The Gandhian phase of the Indian national movement, roughly spanning from 1915 to 1947, represents one of the most dynamic and transformative periods in India’s freedom struggle. Mahatma Gandhi’s entry into Indian politics revolutionized the nature, direction, and spirit of the nationalist movement. His leadership not only united people across regions, castes, classes, and…
Introduction The nineteenth century stands as a period of profound transformation in India’s socio-cultural, intellectual, and political landscape. Often described as the period of the “Indian Renaissance,” this era marked the reawakening of Indian consciousness after centuries of political subjugation, economic exploitation, and cultural stagnation under colonial domination. The term Renaissance—borrowed from the European experience—denotes…
Introduction Among the British viceroys who governed India during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lord George Nathaniel Curzon (Viceroy of India, 1899–1905) stands as one of the most controversial and consequential figures. His tenure marked a critical turning point in the history of British India. A man of immense intelligence and administrative skill,…
Introduction The nineteenth century in India was a period of remarkable transformation. It marked the beginning of India’s modern age, characterized by the emergence of new ideas, cultural reawakening, and the fusion of Western education with indigenous traditions. The socio-religious reform movements that arose during this period were a response to the stagnation, superstition, and…