1. International Labour Organization (ILO) Introduction The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that deals with labour issues, employment rights, and social justice. It was established in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles, making it one of the oldest international organizations still active today. The ILO…
Introduction In the era of globalization and interconnected economies, the smooth functioning of global finance and trade depends on cooperation among international institutions. Various organizations work to ensure economic stability, promote transparency, and strengthen financial systems across nations.Among these, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Bank for International Settlements (BIS), Financial Stability Board…
Introduction In the 21st century, the world is witnessing rapid transformations in global politics, economics, and security. The global order that once appeared relatively stable under post-Cold War liberal frameworks is being reshaped by shifting power dynamics, regional rivalries, technological revolutions, and ideological contests. Amid these changes, states are increasingly faced with the challenge of…
Introduction Globalization has been one of the most transformative forces of the modern era, redefining economies, societies, and cultures across the globe. At its core, globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of nations, facilitated by advancements in trade, technology, finance, and communication. For decades, globalization accelerated global economic growth, increased cross-border investments, boosted…
Introduction The last two decades have witnessed a significant rise in international terrorism, posing a severe challenge to global peace and security. Terrorism, driven by ideological, political, economic, and religious motives, has affected almost every part of the world. Nations have been compelled to rethink their security policies, strengthen international cooperation, and take firm actions…
Introduction The Second World War (1939-1945) was one of the most devastating conflicts in human history, leading to massive destruction, loss of life, and economic ruin. With the horrors of war still fresh in the minds of global leaders, efforts to establish and maintain world peace became a top priority. Various initiatives were undertaken at…
Introduction With the increasing reliance on digital infrastructure, cyber security has become a critical aspect of national security. The National Cyber Security Policy (NCSP) is designed to protect the nation’s information and communication technology (ICT) systems and assets from cyber threats. This policy aims to create a secure cyber ecosystem, encourage investments in cyber security,…
Introduction In today’s rapidly evolving world, security threats have expanded beyond traditional concerns of military aggression and interstate conflict. Alongside conventional security challenges, non-traditional security threats such as money laundering and human trafficking have emerged as serious issues impacting global peace, stability, and governance. These threats are complex, multifaceted, and difficult to address due to…
Introduction Narco-terrorism is a growing global concern, and India is no exception. It represents the fusion of narcotics trafficking with terrorism, where drug cartels and terror organizations collaborate to fund and fuel violent activities that destabilize societies. In India, the nexus between drug trafficking and terrorism poses a severe threat to national security, contributing to…
Introduction The Arctic Council is an intergovernmental forum that promotes cooperation, coordination, and interaction among Arctic states, indigenous communities, and other stakeholders on issues concerning the Arctic region. Established in 1996 with the signing of the Ottawa Declaration, the council plays a crucial role in addressing environmental protection, sustainable development, and climate change in the…