Introduction The early phase of the Indian national movement was primarily political in nature — its central goal was the attainment of Swaraj, or self-government, within the British Empire. However, as India moved into the 1920s, the vision of independence underwent a significant transformation. The experience of mass movements, exposure to global ideas, and the…
Introduction Economics is not merely the study of wealth or resource allocation — it is also about how these resources affect human welfare. The branch of economics that explicitly focuses on this aspect is known as Welfare Economics. It deals with the evaluation of economic policies and conditions in terms of their impact on the…
1. International Labour Organization (ILO) Introduction The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that deals with labour issues, employment rights, and social justice. It was established in 1919 as part of the Treaty of Versailles, making it one of the oldest international organizations still active today. The ILO…
Introduction Universal Basic Income (UBI) has emerged as one of the most debated economic and social policy ideas in the 21st century. The concept advocates for providing all citizens with a guaranteed, unconditional sum of money regularly, regardless of their employment status, income, or wealth. Supporters argue that UBI has the potential to eradicate poverty,…
Introduction The 1920s marked a significant turning point in the global struggle for women’s suffrage. This decade saw the culmination of decades of activism, leading to groundbreaking legal changes that granted women the right to vote in many countries. The suffrage movements of this era not only challenged traditional gender roles but also laid the…
Introduction The Indian judiciary plays a vital role in interpreting and upholding the Constitution, ensuring justice, and maintaining the balance of power among the executive, legislature, and judiciary. Over the years, the judiciary has adopted a proactive stance in addressing legal and constitutional matters, which is commonly referred to as Judicial Activism. Judicial activism occurs…
Introduction Inclusive growth is a development approach that ensures economic expansion benefits all sections of society, particularly the marginalized and disadvantaged groups. It goes beyond mere GDP growth and emphasizes equitable distribution of wealth, access to opportunities, and social justice. For a country like India, where disparities in income, social status, and access to resources…
Introduction The Right to Life is one of the most fundamental human rights recognized across democratic constitutions worldwide. In India, this right is enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution, which states: “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.” This provision serves as…
Introduction The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019 is a significant amendment to the Citizenship Act of 1955. This Act aims to provide a fast-track citizenship process for certain persecuted minorities from Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh who entered India before December 31, 2014. The Act has sparked widespread debate, with supporters viewing it as a humanitarian…
Introduction The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land, laying the foundation for governance and the rights of citizens. At the heart of this monumental document lies its Preamble, a guiding philosophy that encapsulates the essence of Indian democracy. The Preamble is not just an introduction but a declaration of the fundamental…