Introduction The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) is a vital organ of the United Nations system established to promote the integration of developing countries into the world economy in a fair, balanced, and sustainable manner. Formed in 1964, UNCTAD has served as a permanent intergovernmental body focusing on issues of international trade,…
Introduction International trade is the backbone of modern globalization, and its regulation has been one of the most significant challenges since the 20th century. Countries often face conflicts over tariffs, subsidies, and trade restrictions, which, if unresolved, can escalate into trade wars. To prevent such outcomes and promote a rules-based system of trade, global institutions…
Introduction Export promotion is a critical aspect of economic policy for a developing country like India. Exports not only generate valuable foreign exchange but also create employment opportunities, foster industrial growth, and strengthen international trade relations. The Government of India has adopted a variety of measures to boost exports, ranging from policy reforms to institutional…
Introduction In the globalized economy of the 21st century, international trade forms the backbone of economic growth for both developed and developing countries. For a country like India, which is steadily moving towards becoming the world’s third-largest economy, exports are not merely a source of foreign exchange but also a driver of industrial growth, employment…
Introduction In the 21st century, the world is witnessing rapid transformations in global politics, economics, and security. The global order that once appeared relatively stable under post-Cold War liberal frameworks is being reshaped by shifting power dynamics, regional rivalries, technological revolutions, and ideological contests. Amid these changes, states are increasingly faced with the challenge of…
Introduction In the era of globalization, nations are increasingly interconnected through trade, investment, and technology. However, global trade is often threatened by tariff wars, a type of economic conflict where countries impose taxes on imports to protect domestic industries or retaliate against trade practices deemed unfair. Tariff wars are a subset of trade wars, with…
Introduction Trade wars have emerged as a significant aspect of global economic policy in the 21st century. Unlike conventional warfare, trade wars are economic conflicts between nations, primarily manifested through tariffs, quotas, subsidies, and trade restrictions. These conflicts aim to protect domestic industries, influence foreign policy, or gain strategic advantages in global markets. While some…
Introduction Industrial policy plays a crucial role in shaping the economic trajectory of a nation. The term ‘New Industrial Policy’ generally refers to a shift in the approach of the government towards industrial development, with the aim of making industries more competitive, innovative, and globally integrated. India’s New Industrial Policy, introduced in 1991, marked a…
Introduction Globalization and liberalization have significantly transformed the Indian economy, driving economic growth, enhancing trade, and improving technological capabilities. India’s economic liberalization, which began in 1991, marked a shift from a protectionist economy to an open and market-driven system. These reforms integrated India into the global economy, leading to increased foreign trade, capital inflows, and…