Introduction Earth’s climate system is a complex interaction of various atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial processes. Among the most influential natural climatic phenomena that disrupt this balance are El Niño and La Niña, collectively known as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These irregular periodic variations in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and wind patterns in the central…
Introduction to Watersheds A watershed is a land area that drains or “sheds” water into a common body of water, such as a river, lake, or ocean. It is defined by the boundaries of the highest points of land, which direct rainfall and other forms of precipitation into streams, rivers, or other water sources within…
Groundwater plays a vital role in meeting the water requirements of Uttar Pradesh (UP), one of the most populous states in India. This water resource is crucial for agriculture, drinking, and industrial purposes. However, the over-reliance on groundwater and mismanagement of this valuable resource have led to several challenges that need to be addressed for…