Mahatma Gandhi, one of the most influential leaders of the Indian independence movement, had nuanced views on the Varna system. His perspective evolved over time, shaped by his engagement with social reform, his interpretation of Hindu scriptures, and his commitment to the upliftment of the marginalized sections of society. While Gandhi initially upheld the Varna system as a means of social organization, he later criticized its degeneration into the rigid caste hierarchy that led to discrimination and untouchability.
Understanding the Varna System
The Varna system, as mentioned in Hindu scriptures like the Vedas and Manusmriti, divides society into four groups:
- Brahmins (priests and scholars)
- Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers)
- Vaishyas (traders and merchants)
- Shudras (laborers and service providers)
In its original form, the Varna system was based on one’s qualities and occupation rather than birth. However, over time, it became rigid, leading to the emergence of the caste system, which imposed severe restrictions on lower castes and outcastes (Dalits or untouchables).
Gandhi’s Initial Justification of Varna
Gandhi initially viewed the Varna system as a natural and functional division of labor that allowed for social harmony. He believed that each Varna had specific duties, and fulfilling them sincerely led to societal stability. According to him, no Varna was superior or inferior; rather, they complemented each other in maintaining social order.
He argued that the Varna system, in its ideal form, was not oppressive but a means to ensure interdependence and cooperation among different groups. Gandhi believed that it was the misinterpretation and misuse of the system that led to discrimination and untouchability.
Gandhi’s Opposition to Caste Discrimination
Despite his initial defense of the Varna system, Gandhi strongly opposed the caste system and the practice of untouchability. He firmly believed that no one should be discriminated against based on birth and that everyone should be treated with dignity. His efforts to abolish untouchability were central to his social reform agenda, and he launched numerous campaigns against it.
Harijan Movement
Gandhi coined the term Harijan (meaning “children of God”) for Dalits, seeking to uplift them socially and economically. He initiated movements to open temples, wells, and schools for them, advocating for their equal rights in society. His campaigns, such as the Temple Entry Movement, sought to break the rigid barriers imposed by the caste system.
Opposition to Birth-Based Varna
Over time, Gandhi moved away from his earlier support for the traditional Varna system. He began to advocate for a merit-based system rather than one determined by birth. He asserted that individuals should have the freedom to choose their profession instead of being bound by their inherited Varna.
Criticism of Gandhi’s Views
While Gandhi played a crucial role in fighting caste discrimination, his views on the Varna system faced criticism from various quarters:
- Ambedkar’s Critique Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the architect of the Indian Constitution and a staunch opponent of the caste system, criticized Gandhi for his initial support of the Varna system. Ambedkar argued that the system was inherently oppressive and could not be reformed but needed to be completely abolished. He accused Gandhi of being ambiguous on caste issues and failing to fully support the annihilation of caste.
- Radical Social Reformers Many radical reformers and Dalit leaders believed that Gandhi’s approach to caste reform was too moderate and that his Harijan movement did not go far enough in dismantling social hierarchies. They argued that merely renaming Dalits as Harijans did not address the systemic injustices they faced.
- Hindu Orthodoxy’s Response On the other hand, conservative Hindu groups criticized Gandhi for challenging age-old traditions and attempting to change the structure of Hindu society. They saw his reforms as an attack on Hindu religious practices.
Gandhi’s Legacy on the Varna System and Caste
Despite the criticisms, Gandhi’s work significantly contributed to the weakening of caste-based discrimination in India. His campaigns brought national and international attention to the plight of Dalits and encouraged legislative and social reforms. His vision for an egalitarian society inspired movements for social justice and continues to influence discussions on caste and equality in India today.
Conclusion
Gandhi’s views on the Varna system evolved over time. While he initially regarded it as a functional social order, he later distanced himself from its rigid and birth-based structure. His unwavering opposition to untouchability and caste-based discrimination played a crucial role in India’s social reform movements. However, his moderate stance and reluctance to completely reject the Varna system attracted criticism, particularly from Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and other social reformers. Nevertheless, Gandhi’s advocacy for social equality and dignity for all remains an important part of India’s struggle for justice and human rights.
