Introduction The relationship between the economy and the environment is one of the most crucial and complex aspects of modern development. The economy depends heavily on the natural environment for raw materials, energy, water, and ecological services, while economic activities often put pressure on the environment through pollution, resource depletion, and ecosystem degradation. Striking a…
Introduction Sustainable development has emerged as one of the most crucial objectives of modern governance, especially in the 21st century when nations are facing the dual challenge of economic growth and environmental protection. For India, a country with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, diverse ecosystems, and rapid urbanization, the pursuit of sustainable development is not…
Introduction In development studies, measuring the well-being of a population is more complex than simply looking at income levels or GDP. While economic indicators like GDP per capita give an idea of material wealth, they do not reflect the quality of life, health, education, and overall well-being of a population. To address this gap, the…
Introduction Measuring the development of nations is a complex task that goes beyond mere economic growth. While GDP or GNP provide insights into a country’s economic capacity, they do not reflect the quality of life, social welfare, equity, and human well-being. To address this, scholars, international organizations, and policymakers have developed various indices that evaluate…
Introduction Economic development is a broad concept that goes beyond simple economic growth. While economic growth refers to the increase in a country’s output or income, economic development encompasses improvements in the quality of life, living standards, and overall well-being of people. It involves structural transformation, social progress, and the reduction of poverty and inequalities….
Introduction Pulses—also known as grain legumes—are a group of edible seeds harvested from plants belonging to the legume family (Fabaceae). They include a variety of crops such as lentils, chickpeas, beans, peas, pigeon peas, mung beans, urad beans, and cowpeas. For thousands of years, pulses have played a crucial role in global agriculture, food systems,…
Introduction Industrial corridors are strategically planned zones aimed at promoting industrial development, improving connectivity, and fostering economic growth in a region. They are usually long stretches of infrastructure development that include transportation networks, industrial clusters, logistics hubs, and urban settlements. India, as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, has recognized the need to…
1. Introduction The National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) is one of the premier financial institutions in India and a key component of the Indian capital market. Established in 1992 and operational from 1994, NSE revolutionized stock trading in India by introducing electronic trading systems that enhanced transparency, efficiency, and accessibility. Before NSE, the Bombay…
1. Introduction to Financial Market A financial market is a platform or system where individuals, companies, and governments can buy and sell financial assets like stocks, bonds, currencies, and derivatives. Essentially, it is the backbone of the economy because it facilitates the flow of funds from those who have surplus capital (savers) to those who…
Introduction Money is one of the most fundamental inventions of human civilization. It is the lifeblood of economic activities and serves as the medium through which individuals, businesses, and governments interact in markets. In its simplest form, money is anything that is generally accepted as a means of exchange, a unit of account, a store…