Introduction Petroleum refineries are industrial facilities where crude oil is processed into useful products such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, jet fuel, lubricants, and petrochemical feedstocks. While one might logically assume that refineries are located close to crude oil producing areas to minimize transportation costs, in many developing countries, refineries are often situated far from oil…
Introduction Urbanization has been one of the most defining trends of modern economic development. In India, the rapid expansion of cities and towns has significantly contributed to economic growth, industrialization, and infrastructure development. With an increasing population migrating to urban centers in search of better employment opportunities, education, healthcare, and living standards, urbanization has become…
Introduction India is at a crucial juncture in its journey toward sustainable mobility. With rapid urbanization, rising vehicular pollution, and increasing dependence on fossil fuels, the need for cleaner and more efficient transportation has never been greater. Electric Vehicles (EVs) present a viable solution to these challenges, offering a cleaner, more sustainable alternative to traditional…
Introduction As climate change accelerates, the urgency to mitigate its adverse effects has never been greater. Global temperatures are rising, sea levels are creeping up, and extreme weather events have become more frequent and intense. While traditional methods of reducing carbon emissions remain essential, new approaches are also being explored to counteract the environmental damage…
Introduction The Indian Ocean, the third-largest ocean in the world, is a critical resource for many countries bordering its vast expanse. It provides significant ecological, economic, and strategic benefits. The exploitation of resources from the Indian Ocean, including fishing, oil and gas extraction, deep-sea mining, and shipping activities, has led to various ecological problems. These…
Introduction The G20 Summit, an influential gathering of the world’s major economies, plays a pivotal role in addressing global economic, social, and environmental challenges. The 2024 G20 Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, embraced the theme “Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet.” This theme underscored the need for equitable growth, sustainability, and…
Introduction The global environment is undergoing rapid and unprecedented changes due to factors such as climate change, pollution, deforestation, industrialization, and unsustainable resource exploitation. These changes have far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, human societies, and economies. While technological advancements and globalization have improved living standards, they have also contributed to environmental degradation. This essay explores the…