Introduction Mangroves are one of the most vital ecosystems in the tropical and subtropical coastal zones. They consist of salt-tolerant plant species such as Rhizophora, Avicennia, Sonneratia, and Bruguiera, thriving in intertidal regions where rivers meet the sea. Despite covering less than 1% of tropical forests globally, mangroves provide disproportionate ecological, economic, and social benefits….
Introduction Coral reefs, often referred to as the “rainforests of the sea,” are among the most biologically diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth. They provide shelter, food, and breeding grounds for nearly one-quarter of all marine species, despite covering less than 1% of the ocean floor. Beyond biodiversity, coral ecosystems contribute to human societies by…
Introduction The Indian Ocean, the third-largest ocean in the world, is a critical resource for many countries bordering its vast expanse. It provides significant ecological, economic, and strategic benefits. The exploitation of resources from the Indian Ocean, including fishing, oil and gas extraction, deep-sea mining, and shipping activities, has led to various ecological problems. These…