Introduction India’s geographical diversity—ranging from the Himalayan mountains to long coastlines and vast river systems—makes it highly prone to multiple types of disasters. Over time, it became clear that ad hoc relief-based approaches were insufficient to deal with the growing scale and complexity of disasters. This led to the creation of a dedicated institutional mechanism,…
Introduction Mountain ecosystems are among the most fragile and biodiverse ecosystems on Earth. They provide essential ecosystem services such as water regulation, biodiversity conservation, soil stabilization, climate regulation, and cultural heritage. These ecosystems support millions of people directly and indirectly through agriculture, forest products, and tourism. However, in recent decades, development initiatives and tourism have…
Disaster management is the process of preparing for, responding to, mitigating, and recovering from disasters to minimize their impact on human life, infrastructure, and the environment. It involves coordinated efforts from government agencies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and communities to reduce risks and enhance resilience. Disasters can be natural or man-made, and managing them requires a…