Introduction The emergence of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 marked a new phase in the history of India’s struggle for freedom. The early leaders of the Congress, commonly known as the Moderates, represented the first organized expression of Indian political awakening under British rule. They sought to reform the colonial administration through peaceful,…
Introduction The Indian national movement underwent a remarkable transformation during the 1920s. Before this decade, the movement had largely been led by elite groups and was confined to urban centers, focusing primarily on constitutional reforms and moderate petitions to the British government. However, from the 1920s onward, the struggle for independence gained new dimensions —…
Introduction Among the British viceroys who governed India during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Lord George Nathaniel Curzon (Viceroy of India, 1899–1905) stands as one of the most controversial and consequential figures. His tenure marked a critical turning point in the history of British India. A man of immense intelligence and administrative skill,…
Introduction The Indian freedom struggle was not merely a political battle against British imperialism; it was a comprehensive movement for moral, social, and economic regeneration. Among the towering figures of India’s independence movement, Mahatma Gandhi stands out as a visionary who sought to achieve swaraj (self-rule) not just through political defiance but also through constructive…
The Indian National Congress (INC) played a pivotal role in India’s struggle for independence. As the first major political organization in British India, the INC served as a platform for expressing nationalist aspirations, fostering unity among Indians, and ultimately leading the country toward independence. But who founded the INC, and under what circumstances was it…
The Rowlatt Act of 1919 was one of the most controversial laws imposed by the British government in India, which fueled mass protests and became a turning point in India’s struggle for independence. It was officially known as the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, 1919 and was passed to suppress anti-colonial activities and strengthen British…
Introduction The Quit India Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942, was one of the most significant mass movements in India’s struggle for independence. It was a direct response to the failure of the Cripps Mission and Britain’s unwillingness to grant India self-rule. The movement was marked by widespread protests, strikes, and acts…
Introduction ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’ is one of the most significant works in Indian economic history. This book, written by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1901, played a crucial role in exposing the economic exploitation of India under British rule. Naoroji, who is often referred to as the Grand Old Man of India, was a…
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was one of the most significant mass movements in India’s struggle for independence against British rule. Led by Mahatma Gandhi, the movement aimed at resisting British colonial oppression through non-violent means. It was a direct response to the betrayal of Indian expectations after World War I, the oppressive Rowlatt Act (1919),…
The Rowlatt Act of 1919 is famously known as the ‘Black Act’ in Indian history. This legislation was passed by the British government with the intention of suppressing revolutionary activities and nationalist movements in India. The act was seen as a major betrayal by the British, as it curtailed civil liberties, allowing the colonial government…