Introduction Urbanization has become one of the most significant global trends of the 21st century. As cities grow in population, infrastructure and governance face immense pressure. To address these challenges, the Smart Cities Mission (SCM) was launched by the Government of India in 2015 with the vision of transforming urban areas into sustainable, inclusive, and…
Introduction Climate change is no longer a distant threat but a present reality, reshaping coastlines, ecosystems, and human settlements worldwide. Among the most vulnerable regions are India’s vast coastal zones, stretching over 7,500 kilometers. In particular, the Sundarbans — the world’s largest mangrove forest — and Mumbai — India’s financial capital — stand at the…
Introduction Civil defence is a crucial aspect of national security and public safety, designed to protect civilians and essential infrastructure during emergencies. It involves a structured response to natural disasters, man-made crises, and wartime situations. Civil defence mechanisms help mitigate loss of life and property while maintaining social order. In India, the concept of civil…